Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies

Yahaya Maryam; Adejumo Mumuni; Oloruntoba Omoladun Elizabeth

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11

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Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies

Yahaya Maryam

, Adejumo Mumuni^*

, Oloruntoba Omoladun Elizabeth

Published in American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 11, Issue 3)

Received: 25 June 2025 Accepted: 7 July 2025 Published: 25 August 2025

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Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate the pollution level and distribution of snails’ genera at a dam within a university community in order to develop efficient control strategies. Water samples and sediment samples were collected at twelve sampling points within the dam for eight weeks and analyzed for heavy metals (Manganese [Mn], Zinc [Zn], Iron (Fe), Cadmium [Cd] and Lead [Pb]) while snail genera were identified using standard procedure. Results were compared with the World Health Organization's (WHO) guideline limit (water quality [Mn = 0.4mg/L, Cd = 0.003mg/L, Pb=0.01mg/L]; sediment [Zn = 120mg/kg, Fe = 15mg/kg]). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation at p=0.05. Concentrations of Mn (mg/L), Zn (mg/L) in the water sample were 17.5±.01 and 11.3±2.6, respectively. These values were higher than the WHO's recommended limits. Lead and cadmium were not detected. Concentrations of manganese and zinc in the sediment samples were within the recommended limits. Iron concentration (690.3±120.9 mg/kg) exceeded the WHO's recommended limit. The snail genera identified were Bulinus species (65.0%), Biomphalaria species (24%) and Lymnae specie (11%). Bulinus (lunged snail) was the planorbid intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. A positive correlation existed between the concentration of manganese in sediment and the number of snail genera available (r = 0.722, p < 0.01). The concentration of metal in the sediment sample was higher than that in the surface water. Water and sediment had high concentration of iron and Bulinus snail species; an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium was identified. Continuous assessment of pollution level is highly essential and immediate control measure is encouraged to mitigate health risks associated with contact with this water body.

Published in	American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 11, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11
Page(s)	51-59
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Snails Genera, Sediment, Heavy Metal

References

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Maryam, Y., Mumuni, A., Elizabeth, O. O. (2025). Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 11(3), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11

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Maryam, Y.; Mumuni, A.; Elizabeth, O. O. Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2025, 11(3), 51-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11

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AMA Style

Maryam Y, Mumuni A, Elizabeth OO. Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2025;11(3):51-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11,
  author = {Yahaya Maryam and Adejumo Mumuni and Oloruntoba Omoladun Elizabeth},
  title = {Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies
},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {51-59},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20251103.11},
  abstract = {This study was carried out to evaluate the pollution level and distribution of snails’ genera at a dam within a university community in order to develop efficient control strategies. Water samples and sediment samples were collected at twelve sampling points within the dam for eight weeks and analyzed for heavy metals (Manganese [Mn], Zinc [Zn], Iron (Fe), Cadmium [Cd] and Lead [Pb]) while snail genera were identified using standard procedure. Results were compared with the World Health Organization's (WHO) guideline limit (water quality [Mn = 0.4mg/L, Cd = 0.003mg/L, Pb=0.01mg/L]; sediment [Zn = 120mg/kg, Fe = 15mg/kg]). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation at p=0.05. Concentrations of Mn (mg/L), Zn (mg/L) in the water sample were 17.5±.01 and 11.3±2.6, respectively. These values were higher than the WHO's recommended limits. Lead and cadmium were not detected. Concentrations of manganese and zinc in the sediment samples were within the recommended limits. Iron concentration (690.3±120.9 mg/kg) exceeded the WHO's recommended limit. The snail genera identified were Bulinus species (65.0%), Biomphalaria species (24%) and Lymnae specie (11%). Bulinus (lunged snail) was the planorbid intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. A positive correlation existed between the concentration of manganese in sediment and the number of snail genera available (r = 0.722, p Bulinus snail species; an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium was identified. Continuous assessment of pollution level is highly essential and immediate control measure is encouraged to mitigate health risks associated with contact with this water body.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies

AU  - Yahaya Maryam
AU  - Adejumo Mumuni
AU  - Oloruntoba Omoladun Elizabeth
Y1  - 2025/08/25
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 51
EP  - 59
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11
AB  - This study was carried out to evaluate the pollution level and distribution of snails’ genera at a dam within a university community in order to develop efficient control strategies. Water samples and sediment samples were collected at twelve sampling points within the dam for eight weeks and analyzed for heavy metals (Manganese [Mn], Zinc [Zn], Iron (Fe), Cadmium [Cd] and Lead [Pb]) while snail genera were identified using standard procedure. Results were compared with the World Health Organization's (WHO) guideline limit (water quality [Mn = 0.4mg/L, Cd = 0.003mg/L, Pb=0.01mg/L]; sediment [Zn = 120mg/kg, Fe = 15mg/kg]). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation at p=0.05. Concentrations of Mn (mg/L), Zn (mg/L) in the water sample were 17.5±.01 and 11.3±2.6, respectively. These values were higher than the WHO's recommended limits. Lead and cadmium were not detected. Concentrations of manganese and zinc in the sediment samples were within the recommended limits. Iron concentration (690.3±120.9 mg/kg) exceeded the WHO's recommended limit. The snail genera identified were Bulinus species (65.0%), Biomphalaria species (24%) and Lymnae specie (11%). Bulinus (lunged snail) was the planorbid intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. A positive correlation existed between the concentration of manganese in sediment and the number of snail genera available (r = 0.722, p Bulinus snail species; an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium was identified. Continuous assessment of pollution level is highly essential and immediate control measure is encouraged to mitigate health risks associated with contact with this water body.
VL  - 11
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Yahaya Maryam

Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

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http://orcid.org/0009-0006-3848-2959
Adejumo Mumuni

Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4797-7508
Oloruntoba Omoladun Elizabeth

Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6226-463X

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Maryam, Y., Mumuni, A., Elizabeth, O. O. (2025). Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 11(3), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11

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ACS Style

Maryam, Y.; Mumuni, A.; Elizabeth, O. O. Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2025, 11(3), 51-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11

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AMA Style

Maryam Y, Mumuni A, Elizabeth OO. Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2025;11(3):51-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11,
  author = {Yahaya Maryam and Adejumo Mumuni and Oloruntoba Omoladun Elizabeth},
  title = {Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies
},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {51-59},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20251103.11},
  abstract = {This study was carried out to evaluate the pollution level and distribution of snails’ genera at a dam within a university community in order to develop efficient control strategies. Water samples and sediment samples were collected at twelve sampling points within the dam for eight weeks and analyzed for heavy metals (Manganese [Mn], Zinc [Zn], Iron (Fe), Cadmium [Cd] and Lead [Pb]) while snail genera were identified using standard procedure. Results were compared with the World Health Organization's (WHO) guideline limit (water quality [Mn = 0.4mg/L, Cd = 0.003mg/L, Pb=0.01mg/L]; sediment [Zn = 120mg/kg, Fe = 15mg/kg]). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation at p=0.05. Concentrations of Mn (mg/L), Zn (mg/L) in the water sample were 17.5±.01 and 11.3±2.6, respectively. These values were higher than the WHO's recommended limits. Lead and cadmium were not detected. Concentrations of manganese and zinc in the sediment samples were within the recommended limits. Iron concentration (690.3±120.9 mg/kg) exceeded the WHO's recommended limit. The snail genera identified were Bulinus species (65.0%), Biomphalaria species (24%) and Lymnae specie (11%). Bulinus (lunged snail) was the planorbid intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. A positive correlation existed between the concentration of manganese in sediment and the number of snail genera available (r = 0.722, p Bulinus snail species; an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium was identified. Continuous assessment of pollution level is highly essential and immediate control measure is encouraged to mitigate health risks associated with contact with this water body.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Pollution Assessment and Distribution of Snails’ Genera at a University Community Dam: Implications for Control Strategies

AU  - Yahaya Maryam
AU  - Adejumo Mumuni
AU  - Oloruntoba Omoladun Elizabeth
Y1  - 2025/08/25
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 51
EP  - 59
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20251103.11
AB  - This study was carried out to evaluate the pollution level and distribution of snails’ genera at a dam within a university community in order to develop efficient control strategies. Water samples and sediment samples were collected at twelve sampling points within the dam for eight weeks and analyzed for heavy metals (Manganese [Mn], Zinc [Zn], Iron (Fe), Cadmium [Cd] and Lead [Pb]) while snail genera were identified using standard procedure. Results were compared with the World Health Organization's (WHO) guideline limit (water quality [Mn = 0.4mg/L, Cd = 0.003mg/L, Pb=0.01mg/L]; sediment [Zn = 120mg/kg, Fe = 15mg/kg]). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation at p=0.05. Concentrations of Mn (mg/L), Zn (mg/L) in the water sample were 17.5±.01 and 11.3±2.6, respectively. These values were higher than the WHO's recommended limits. Lead and cadmium were not detected. Concentrations of manganese and zinc in the sediment samples were within the recommended limits. Iron concentration (690.3±120.9 mg/kg) exceeded the WHO's recommended limit. The snail genera identified were Bulinus species (65.0%), Biomphalaria species (24%) and Lymnae specie (11%). Bulinus (lunged snail) was the planorbid intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. A positive correlation existed between the concentration of manganese in sediment and the number of snail genera available (r = 0.722, p Bulinus snail species; an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium was identified. Continuous assessment of pollution level is highly essential and immediate control measure is encouraged to mitigate health risks associated with contact with this water body.
VL  - 11
IS  - 3
ER  -

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